Mario Eugenio Saturno

O Brasil deveria estar incentivando a produção de álcool, biodiesel e carvão vegetal com metas ambiciosas para substituir a gasolina, diesel e carvão mineral e também produzir hidrogênio verde porque não teremos baterias para tantos carros elétricos, especialmente para veículos que precisam de grande autonomia.

A produção de hidrogênio atualmente utiliza gás natural, petróleo, carvão e eletrólise da água, em 2.008, representavam 48%, 30%, 18% e 4% da produção mundial de hidrogénio, respectivamente.

O termo hidrogênio verde é aplicado quando a eletricidade empregada na eletrólise da água para gerar hidrogênio é originária de fontes de energia renováveis como a eólica, a fotovoltaica e a hidrelétrica e, ainda, transportado sem depender de combustíveis fósseis ou prejudicar o meio- ambiente.

Na Austrália, uma parceria inédita entre três grupos aborígenes tradicionais e um grande investidor em energia limpa está implementando um projeto de hidrogênio verde, com um investimento de US$ 3 bilhões, na cidade de Kununurra.

A nova empresa, chamada Aboriginal Clean Energy terá o maior projeto verde da Austrália. Essa região fornece luz solar, água limpa e energia renovável, os principais componentes necessários para gerar hidrogênio verde, que é extraído da água por eletrólise. Para isso, serão instalados mais de um milhão de painéis solares que gerarão 900 MW e que produzirá 50.000 toneladas de hidrogênio verde por ano. Estima-se que a necessidade anual de hidrogênio será de 200 milhões de toneladas pelo ano 2030.

Todo esse hidrogênio será utilizado para produzir amônia utilizando-se ainda a energia hidrelétrica de uma represa no rio Ord. Estima-se uma produção de 250.000 toneladas de amônia verde, a ser utilizado como fertilizante agrícola sustentável, um grande esforço australiano para descarbonizar a produção agrícola. A produção mundial de amônia está em torno de 180 milhões de toneladas por ano.

A amônia será comercializada na própria Austrália e também para a exportação. O plano inclui ainda a construção de um gasoduto de 120 km para transportar a amônia verde para o porto de Wyndham. A construção do complexo deve terminar no final de 2025, com o inicio da produção de hidrogênio no final de 2028.

Curiosamente, aportou no Brasil, a empresa Fortescue, uma das maiores mineradoras do mundo com sede na Austrália, anunciou no início de novembro um investimento de US$ 5 bilhões em um projeto de produção de hidrogênio verde no Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém, no Ceará.

O projeto tem potencial para produzir 837 toneladas de hidrogênio verde por dia, utilizando 2.100 MW de energia renovável. O projeto deverá gerar cerca de 5 mil empregos durante sua fase de construção. Conselho Estadual de Meio Ambiente (Coema) já aprovou o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental apresentado pela Fortescue para a implantação da usina de hidrogênio verde e autorizou a emissão da licença prévia pela Superintendência Estadual de Meio Ambiente (Semace) em outubro passado.

Para eliminar a dependência do petróleo, diversas ações são necessárias e o Brasil está muito atrasado.

Mario Eugenio Saturno (fb.com/Mario.Eugenio.Saturno) é Tecnologista Sênior do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) e congregado mariano

Fonte: - Postado em 26/11/2023

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